Interstitial lung disease american thoracic society. Introduction communityacquired pneumonia cap is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For both types of pneumonia there is variation in care and areas of. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of the pneumonia syndrome according to the local or the systemic. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. It is the 6 th most common cause of death in general and the most fatal of all infectious diseases acquired in the hospital setting.
These classic stages phases of lobar pneumonia are now infrequent owing to. Cap can be defined as pneumonia in previously healthy children caused by an infectious agent contracted outside the hospital. Pathophysiology, causes, genetic, environment, microbes inflammation is a. Pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia.
In this guide are pneumonia nursing care plans and nursing diagnosis, nursing interventions and nursing assessment for pneumonia. You can edit this template and create your own diagram. The pathogenesis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Recruitment of phagocytic cells to the alveolar space mediated by the local production of cytokines. Viral etiology cold, dry weather and crowding favors spread. When pneumonia does occur, it usually is the result of an exceedingly virulent microbe, a large dose of bacteria, andor impaired host defense ds3 case study bacterial pneumonia disease summary table. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. The most common pathway for the microbial agent to reach the alveoli is by microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions. This video discusses the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia. Six mechanisms have been identified in the pathophysiology of pneumonia nursing in. Pathophysiology of pneumonia free download as word doc.
The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. Pathophysiology of pneumonia pneumonia lung scribd. Despite extensive investigations, the exact mechanisms by which p carinii infections result in respiratory impairment remain unknown. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about the bmj. Jude childrens research hospital, memphis, tn 38105, usa. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. It may be of physiological, pathological or social origin. This seemingly innocuous state of colonisation is a dynamic and competitive process in which the pathogen attempts to engage the host, proliferate, and invade the lower airways. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. Role of chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of. Pneumonia presumed to be bacterial is treated with antibiotics. Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes pathophysiology, causes. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is well adapted to people, and is a. Prevention care bundles reduce the incidence of vap, as well as mv. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process. Current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Role of chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of asthma airway remodeling free download as powerpoint presentation.
Full professor of infectious and tropical diseases. Ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap is the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit and is associated with major morbidity and attributable mortality. Streptococcus pneumoniae is well adapted to people, and is a frequent inhabitant of the upper airways in healthy hosts. Pathogenesis of bacterial infection and flora normal free download as powerpoint presentation. The initial choice of antibiotic is made empirically. Case study on pneumonia respiratory tract lung scribd.
It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. It is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. There have been many attempts to classify pneumonia based on the etiology, clinical setting in which the patent acquired the. In the case of the patient, he has community acquired pneumonia. Ultrastructural studies suggest that p carinii organisms adhere to alveolar lining cells by closely opposing and. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. Communityacquired pneumonia cap is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in a patient who has acquired the infection in the community, as distinguished from hospitalacquired nosocomial pneumonia hap.
Interstitial lung disease chapter 10 102 what are we learning about this disease. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Many organisms, including viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia, but the most common causes are bacteria, in particular species of. Use pdf export for high quality prints and svg export for large sharp images or embed your diagrams anywhere with the creately viewer. The clinical presentation of cap varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. Pneumonia is a common medsurg nursing disorder that you must know about in nursing school. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is, in general, admitted to hospital. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections have a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and disease manifestations. Communityacquired pneumonia causes large numbers of hospital admissions each year. Elderly persons are at increased risk of infection and complications in viral pneumonia because of comorbidities. The pathophysiology of dyspnoea is complex, and involves the activation of several. Gunn department of pathology, northwestern university medical school pathogenesis of pneumonia a rich new fund of information has been acquired during the past two decades in the field of inflammatory reactions in the lung, yet considerably more work must be done before effective.
Atif ali bashir assistant professor of pathology college of medicine majmaah university introduction. Pneumonia has been studied intensively as to its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, therapy, prognosis, and complications. Results and discussion comparative rpg studies were objective evidence of the effectiveness of cvb and cup t. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Community acquired pneumonia boston health care for the. The enzymes in the lungs are brake down the substances causing inflammation. Many patients with chronic diseases acquire terminal pneumonia while hospitalized nosocomial infection. Aspiration of secretions from the airway is the main source of infection for vap in mechanicallyventilated mv patients, and infection develops when bacteria overwhelms the hosts defences. Nursing interventions for pneumonia and care plan goals for patients with pneumonia include measures to assist in effective coughing, maintain a patent airway, decreasing viscosity and tenaciousness of secretions, and assist in suctioning. Waning cellular, humoral, and innate immune functioning may impair viral clearance, which allows spread of the virus to the lower respiratory tract resulting in increased inflammation. Pathophysiology of common respiratory disorders lois e brenneman, msn, anp, fnp, c respiratory infections influenza influenza remains in top 10 causes of death in us. Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally per year, seven percent of population, and results in about 4. The white blood cells fight off the invading organism and the remains may be coughed up. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia.
We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally causing more deaths than any other infectious disease. It affects all ages of both sexes, especially the immunocompromised, chronically ill and aged clients. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Read pneumonia books like welcome to paradise, now go to hell and necropsy killer whale kenau and fetus for free with a free 30day trial. This pathophysiology lecture note will serve as a theoretical guideline for undergraduate nurse and. Pathogenesis of bacterial infection and flora normal scribd.
Different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of pneumonia chest xray, blood gases, sputum culture, bronchial washings, serology histopathology of pneumonia lobar, broncho. The most consistent presenting symptom of bacterial pneumonia is cough productive of sputum. We searched medline and pubmed in english with the search terms pneumococci, streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal pneumonia, community acquired pneumonia, and pneumococcal pathogenesis for reports relating to pneumococcal pneumonia published in the past 10 years until january, 2009. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death from infectious disease globally and is associated with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease. The role of cardiovascular disorders in the pathogenesis of acute pneumonia. Inhalation of infectious particles is probably the most important pathogenetic mechanism in the development of communityacquired pneumonia. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the most severe of the common communityacquired pulmonary infections. Communityacquired pneumoniaoccurs either in the community setting or within the first 48 hours after hospitalization or institutionalization. The common clinical practice is to confirm the diagno. The role of cardiovascular disorders in the pathogenesis of. The study noted that the sensitivity and specifcity of wuh criteria was 78% and 65%, respectively. In july 2008, scribd began using ipaper, a rich document format similar to pdf built for the web, which allows users to embed documents into a web page. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aids.
S64 understanding better the pathophysiology of aspiration. More severe illness may occur in children, adults with underlying disease, the elderly, and may be associated with gastrointestinal illness. Pathogenesis impairment of host defense colonization of upper respiratory tract aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions pulmonary infection pneumonia. Etiology varies with age group and comorbidities bacterial c omu n ity,nr sg he v pal acquired viral. Oct 25, 2019 bacterial pneumonia see the image below is caused by a pathogenic infection of the lungs and may present as a primary disease process or as the final, fatal disorder primarily in an individual who is already debilitated. Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Childhood pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity in resourcerich countries, and morbidity and mortality in resourcelimited countries. Although the incidence varies greatly in different geographic and socioeconomic settings, in the united states it has been found to cause 1015 cases per 100,000 population annually, predominating in the very young and the elderly. Pneumonia indicates an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent. Pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia chest.
Key points hypoxaemia is a key element in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap. Learn from pneumonia experts like chas smith and the orca project corp. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Pneumonia pathophysiology 2018 nursing school of success. Streptococcus pneumoniae the pneumococcus is the classic example of a highly invasive, grampositive, extracellular bacterial pathogen.
The alveolar macrophage acting as a lastdefense mechanism against bacteria that reach the alveolar space. Pathophysiology diagram pneumonia free download as word doc. Hcovhku1 causes mild upper respiratory diseases, the common cold, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, with symptoms such as rhinorrhea, fever, cough, febrile seizure, and wheezing. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and chest xray. It may be suprising therefore to discover the fragmentary knowledge available regarding its pathophysiology. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 623k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space. Its important for you to understand the pathophysiology of pneumonia, its signs and symptoms, what you need to assess for, and what nursing interventions youll need to do for it. Department of clinical medicine, university of sao paulo at ribeirao preto school of medicine, ribeirao preto, brazil. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, and related. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.
Gunn department of pathology, northwestern university medical school pathogenesis of pneumonia a rich new fund of information has been acquired during the past two decades in the field of inflammatory reactions in the lung, yet considerably more work must be done before effective prophylactic control of. However, care should be exercised in diagnosing pneumonia caused by legionella pneumoniae as hap if the patient develops it. Creately diagrams can be exported and added to word, ppt powerpoint, excel, visio or any other document. Epidemiology globally the incidence of pneumonia in children pneumonia has been studied intensively as to its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, therapy, prognosis, and complications. Bilateral advanced pulmonary tuberculosis and cavitation in apical area of right lung a bc 32. Pneumocystis pneumonia, or pcp, is a serious infection that often affects people with hiv and aids. Pdf molecular pathogenesis of klebsiella pneumoniae. Background aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways can cause a number of syndromes including chemical and bacterial pneumonia, although the pathophysiology of each entity is different.
Strategies to prevent vap are likely to be successful only if based upon a sound understanding of pathogenesis and epidemiology. Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people. Pneumonia is defined as acute infection of the alveoli and the surrounding tissues that is life threatening to most of the population. Initial diagnosis was pediatric community acquired pneumoniac. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal. Pneumonia resolution stage this is the last stage of pathophysiology of pneumonia in children. Pneumonia mycoplasma pneumoniae diseasepathogenesis for. Pneumococcus remains the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia worldwide. Genus mycoplasma, belonging to the class mollicutes, encompasses unique lifeforms comprising of a small genome of 8,00,000 base pairs and the inability to produce a cell wall under any circumstances. May 15, 2014 chest radiographs in pulmonary tuberculosis introduction etiology epidemiology pathophysiology clinical features diagnosis treatment pathogenesis of tuberculosis a.